https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/jep.11.1.109.
11. A good summary is Dan Kahan’s blog post “What Is Motivated Reasoning? How Does It
Work?,” reproduced at http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/intersection/2011/05/05/what-is-
motivated-reasoning-how-does-it-work-dan-kahan-answers/#.WN5zJ_nyuUm. An excellent
survey is Ziva Kunda, “The Case for Motivated Reasoning,” Psychological Bulletin 108, no. 3
(1990), 480–98, http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.108.3.480.
12. S. C. Kalichman, L. Eaton, and C. Cherry, “‘There Is No Proof That HIV Causes AIDS’: AIDS
Denialism Beliefs among People Living with HIV/AIDS,” Journal of Behavioral Medicine 33, no.
6 (2010), 432–40, DOI: 10.1007/s10865-010-9275-7; and A. B. Hutchinson et al., “Conspiracy
Beliefs and Trust in Information about HIV/AIDS among Minority Men Who Have Sex with
Men,” Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 45, no. 5 (August 15, 2007), 603–5.
13. Tim Harford, “Why It’s Too Tempting to Believe the Oxford Study,” Financial Times, March 27,
2020, https://www.ft.com/content/14df8908-6f47-11ea-9bca-bf503995cd6f.
14. Keith E. Stanovich, Richard F. West, and Maggie E. Toplak, “Myside Bias, Rational Thinking,
and Intelligence,” Current Directions in Psychological Science 22, no. 4 (August 2013), 259–64,
DOI: 10.1177/0963721413480174.
15. Charles S. Taber and Milton Lodge, “Motivated Skepticism in the Evaluation of Political
Beliefs,” American Journal of Political Science 50, no. 3 (July 2006), 755–69, JSTOR,
www.jstor.org/stable/3694247.
16. Kevin Quealy, “The More Education Republicans Have, the Less They Tend to Believe in
Climate Change,” New York Times, November 14, 2017,
https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/11/14/upshot/climate-change-by-education.html.
17. Caitlin Drummond and Baruch Fischhoff, “Individuals with Greater Science Literacy and
Education Have More Polarized Beliefs on Controversial Science Topics,” Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, August 21, 2017,
http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2017/08/15/1704882114.
18. Charles Lord, L. Ross, and M. R. Lepper, “Biased Assimilation and Attitude Polarization: The
Effects of Prior Theories on Subsequently Considered Evidence,” Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology 37, no. 11 (1979), 2098–2109.
19. Nicholas Epley and Thomas Gilovich, “The Mechanics of Motivated Reasoning,” Journal of
Economic Perspectives 30, no. 3 (2016), 133–40,
https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/jep.30.3.133.
20. Ari LeVaux, “Climate Change Threatens Montana’s Barley Farmers—and Possibly Your Beer,”
Food and Environment Research Network, December 13, 2017,
https://thefern.org/2017/12/climate-change-threatens-montanas-barley-farmers-possibly-beer/.
21. Author correspondence with Kris De Meyer, October 27, 2018.
22. Gordon Pennycook et al., “Understanding and Reducing the Spread of Misinformation Online,”
PsyArXiv, November 13, 2019, DOI: 10.31234/osf.io/3n9u8; also see Oliver Burkeman, “How to
Stop the Spread of Fake News? Pause for a Moment,” Guardian, February 7, 2020,
https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2020/feb/07/how-to-stop-spread-of-fake-news-oliver-
burkeman.
23. G. Pennycook and D. G. Rand, “Lazy, Not Biased: Susceptibility to Partisan Fake News Is Better
Explained by Lack of Reasoning Than by Motivated Reasoning,” Cognition, 2018,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2018.06.011.
24. Shane Frederick, “Cognitive Reflection and Decision Making,” Journal of Economic
Perspectives 19, no. 4 (2005), 25–42, DOI: 10.1257/089533005775196732.
25. Diane Wolf, Beyond Anne Frank: Hidden Children and Postwar Families in Holland (Berkeley:
University of California Press, 2007), Table 1, citing Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the
European Jews (1985).